Al-Ghawanimah Minaret
Bab Al-Gawanimah minaret (Arabic:مئذنة باب الغوانمة,Mi`dhanat Bab Al-Ghawanimah). The highest minaret in Al-Aqsa mosque.
Al-Ghawanimah Minaret (Bani Ghanim Minaret)
It is a square-shaped minaret located near Bani Ghanim’s Gate which is considered the most decorated of Al-Aqsa’s minarets. With a height of 38.5 meters, it is the highest minaret inside Al-Aqsa with a staircase of 120 steps. The western tunnel which was dug by the Israeli Occupation Forces has weakened the minaret’s foundations which called for its renovation in 2001.
Location
It's located in Al-Aqsa mosque. In the northwest corner on the northern corridor. Near the Al-Ghawanimah Gate, and that's why it's named by its current name.
History of the Minaret
Abd al-Malik bin Marwan built Al-Ghawanimah (Bani Ghanim) Minaret according to travelers and early historians. Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani (3-4 AH/9-10th century AD) in his Mukhtasar Kitab al-Buldan and Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn 'Abd Rabbihi (3-4 AH/9-10th century AD) in his Kitab al-Iqd al-Farid describe the Bait al-Maqdis before Crusaders with four minarets (Al-Smadi, 2001, p.41). It can be inferred that the Ayyubids rebuilt the minaret after crusaders destroyed it. The Ayoubi judge Sharaf AdDin bin Abdul Rahman Bin AsSahib rebuilt the Bani Ghanim Gate Minaret in 677 AH/1278 AC during the reign of Sultan Hussam Ad-Din Lajeen. It is named after Shaykh Ghanim ibn Ali ibn Husayn, who was appointed the Shaykh of the Salahiyyah Madrasah by Salahuddin Ayyubi.
Other names
This minaret was also known as: 1- Qalawun Lighthouse (Arabic:منارة قلاوون,Manarat Qalawun): where it was known by the name of the Sultan who renovated it. 2- Al-Saraya Minaret (Arabic:مذئنة السراية,Mi`dhanat Assaraya): Because It is located next to the Ottoman Saraya, which is known today as the Omariya School.
Structure of the Minaret
The Ghawanima minaret, almost entirely built of stone, apart from a timber canopy over the muezzin's gallery, is one of the sturdiest and highest constructions in the old city of Bayt al-Maqdis. Its firm structure has left it nearly untouched by earthquakes, while its varied decoration had lent it a certain elegance as a counterpoint to its solidity (Hadi, 2013, TIKA).
The minaret is excavated into the naturally occurring layer of bedrock in the northwest corner of the Haram. It is partitioned into several 'stories' by stone molding and muqarnas (stalactite) galleries. The first two stories are wider and directly about the rock, forming the base of the tower. Additional four stories, including the muezzin's gallery, are surmounted by a circular drum and bulbous dome. The stairway is external on the first two floors but becomes an internal spiral structure until it reaches the muezzin's gallery, from which the call for prayer was performed (Burgoyne, 1987).
REFERENCES
Al-Smadi, Dr. Taleb Abdallah, 2001. “Bait Al-Maqdis Within a Historical and Archaeological Until the End of Umayyad Period”, Department of Archaeology and Tourism, Faculty of Arts, Mu'tah University, Jordan.
Hadi, Mahdi Abdul, 2013. “Al-Aqsa Mosque Al-Haram Ash-Sharif.” Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs, PASSIA. Supported by TİKA.
Burgoyne, Michael Hamilton, 1987. Mamluk Jerusalem: An Architectural Study, 178. Jerusalem: British School of Archeology in Jerusalem.
Al-Jallad, I. (2017). معالم المسجد الأقصى تحت المجهر [Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks under the microscope]. Baytul Maqdis Center for Literature.
Maruf, A. & Marei, R. (2010). Atlas Ma’alem Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa [Atlas of Al-Aqsa Mosque landmarks]. Al-Fursan institution.
Al-Hanbali, M. (1968). الأنس الجليل بتاريخ القدس والخليل [The honorable amiability in the history of Jerusalem and Hebron]. Al-Haydari Press Publications.
